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Atomic: M.A.C. | Reference
Diagrams: Shell | Atomic Radius | Electron || Images
Carbon
Electrons per shell 2,4
Electron Configuration 1s2 2s2 2p2 open electron config
Ground state 3P0
Atomic Volume 4.58 cm3 mol-1
Electronegativity 2.55
Magnetic ordering Diamagnetic
Mass magnetic susceptibility -6.2 x 10-9
Molar magnetic susceptibility -7.45 x 10-11
Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization No data.
Enthalpy of Fusion 105.0 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation 710.9 kJ mol-1
Heat Capacity (graphite) 8.517 J mol-1 K-1
Thermal Conductivity (graphite) 119-165 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion No data.
Hardness
Mohs hardness 1-2 graphite, 10 diamond
Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity No data.
Electrical conductivity 0.00061 106/cm Ω
Chemical Properties
Ionization Potential  
First 11.26
Second 24.383
Third 47.887
Incompatibilities Very strong oxidizers such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride (ClF3)and potassium peroxide (K2O2).
Flammability
Combustible solid (graphite)
Optical Properties
Refractive Index (solid) 2.417 (diamond)
Energy Levels
Kα1 (intensity 100) 0.277 KeV
Atomic Radii
Empirical 70 pm
Bohr Radius 67 pm
Covalent Radius 77 pm
Van der Waals 170 pm
Triple covalent 60 pm
Metallic No data.
Oxidation States
Main C-4, C+2, C+4
Other
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) show graph
M - M+ 1086.2
M+ - M2+ 2352
M2+ - M3+ 4620
M3+ - M4+ 6222
M4+ - M5+ 37827
M5+ - M6+ 47270
Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1)
C-H 411
C-C 348
C=C 614
CC 839
C=N 615
CN 891
C=O 745
CO 1074
Vapour Pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K
T (K) 2839 3048 3289 3572 3908
Crystal Structure
Structure Hexagonal close packed
a = 246.4 pm
b = 246.4 pm
c = 671.1 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°